Types of Sash Windows (Complete Guide to Styles, Materials and Designs)
Sash windows are one of the most recognisable traditional window styles in the UK. They have been used in British architecture for more than 300 years and remain popular in Georgian townhouses, Victorian terraces and Edwardian homes.
Unlike casement windows that open on hinges, sash windows open by sliding one or more glazed panels known as sashes. These panels usually slide vertically within the frame, although some versions slide horizontally.
Over time several different sash window styles have developed, each linked to a particular architectural period. Modern sash windows are also available in materials such as uPVC, timber and aluminium while still retaining their traditional appearance.
‘Over time several different sash window styles have developed, each linked to a particular architectural period. Modern sash windows are also available in materials such as uPVC, timber and aluminium while still retaining their traditional appearance.’
Colin Greenslade, Founder of Colin’s Sash Windows
This guide explains the different types of sash windows, the materials they are made from, and how to choose the right style for your property.
Sash Window Styles at a Glance
| Style | Typical Pane Layout | Period | Opening Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Georgian sash windows | 6 over 6 | 1714–1830 | Vertical sliding |
| Victorian sash windows | 2 over 2 | 1837–1901 | Vertical sliding |
| Edwardian sash windows | 6 over 2 | 1901–1910 | Vertical sliding |
| Yorkshire sliding sash windows | Various | Rural cottages | Horizontal sliding |
| Modern sash windows | Various | Modern homes | Spring balance |
What Is a Sash Window?
A sash window is a window design made up of one or more movable panels called sashes. These sashes slide within the window frame to open and close the window.
Traditional sash windows use a system of weights and pulleys hidden inside the frame. The weights counterbalance the sash so that it can be opened easily and remain in position.
Modern sash windows, particularly uPVC versions, typically use spring balances instead of weights.
Sash windows are valued for their classic appearance, excellent ventilation and suitability for period properties among enormous other different types of windows.
Main Types of Sash Windows
The different types of sash windows are usually defined by their pane configuration or opening method.
The most common styles include:
- Georgian sash windows
- Victorian sash windows
- Edwardian sash windows
- Yorkshire sliding sash windows
- Modern sliding sash windows
Georgian Sash Windows
Georgian sash windows are characterised by a six over six pane layout. Each sash contains six small panes separated by glazing bars.
This design was common during the Georgian architectural period between 1714 and 1830. At the time, large sheets of glass were expensive to manufacture, so windows were made from multiple smaller panes.
Georgian sash windows are frequently found in:
- Georgian townhouses
- Historic terraces
- Listed buildings
- Conservation areas
Victorian Sash Windows
Victorian sash windows usually feature a two over two pane design, with two large panes in the top sash and two in the bottom sash.
By the Victorian era, advances in glass manufacturing made larger panes affordable, which led to simpler designs with fewer glazing bars.
Victorian sash windows are now the most common sash window style found in UK housing, especially in nineteenth century terraces.
Edwardian Sash Windows
Edwardian sash windows combine features of both Georgian and Victorian styles.
The most common configuration is six panes in the top sash and two panes in the bottom sash, often referred to as a 6 over 2 layout.
Edwardian properties often feature larger windows than earlier periods, which allowed more natural light into homes.
Margin Light Sash Windows
Margin light sash windows feature a large central pane surrounded by smaller panes separated by glazing bars. This design creates a decorative border around the glass.
They became popular in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods when larger glass panes became available but traditional glazing bar patterns were still widely used.
Margin light designs are commonly seen in bay windows and period terraces, particularly in London and other Victorian urban areas.
Yorkshire Sliding Sash Windows
Yorkshire sash windows are a different type of sash window where the panels slide horizontally instead of vertically.
They are also known as horizontal sliding sash windows and are commonly found in cottages and rural properties in northern England.
Unlike standard vertical sash windows, Yorkshire sash windows move sideways within the frame.
Yorkshire sliding sash windows are typically made from timber, and they are usually produced by specialist joinery manufacturers. They are not commonly available in uPVC, which makes them less widely used in modern replacement projects.
Sliding Sash Windows (Traditional Operation)
Most sash windows in the UK have two movable sashes that slide vertically. This design allows the window to be opened from the top or bottom to improve ventilation.
In the United States this design is often referred to as a double hung window, meaning both the upper and lower sashes move.
However, the term double hung is rarely used in the UK window industry. Most British installers simply refer to them as sash windows or sliding sash windows.
Types of Sash Windows by Material
Modern sash windows are available in several different materials.
Timber Sash Windows
Timber sash windows are the traditional option and are often required for listed buildings or conservation areas.
Advantages include:
- authentic period appearance
- suitability for historic properties
- long lifespan with proper maintenance
uPVC Sash Windows
uPVC sash windows replicate the appearance of timber while offering improved insulation and lower maintenance.
Advantages include:
- lower cost than timber
- excellent thermal performance
- low maintenance
- tilt-in sashes for easier cleaning
Aluminium Sash Windows
Aluminium sash windows are less common but are sometimes used in contemporary architectural projects where slim frames are required.
They offer strong durability and modern aesthetics.
Types of Sash Window Opening Mechanisms
Different sash windows use different mechanisms to support the weight of the moving panels.
Traditional Weights and Pulleys
Traditional sash windows use cast iron or lead weights hidden inside the frame connected to the sashes with cords.
They’re often referred to as cords and weights. Because lead is very expensive, most modern timber sash windows use steel weights.
This classic mechanism allows the window to remain open at any height.
Spring Balances (Sometimes called Spiral Balances)
Spring balances are another modern mechanism that replaces the traditional weight system while allowing smooth vertical movement.
Why Do Traditional Sash Windows Have Many Small Panes?
Early sash windows often featured multiple small panes separated by glazing bars. This was not purely decorative.
Before the nineteenth century, large sheets of glass were difficult and expensive to manufacture. Glass was typically produced in small pieces, which were then joined together with wooden glazing bars.
As glass manufacturing improved during the Victorian period, larger panes became available. This is why Victorian sash windows typically have two large panes instead of many small ones.
Today these pane patterns are often preserved to maintain the historic character of period buildings.
Modern Features Available in Sash Windows
Modern sash windows can include a range of features designed to improve energy efficiency and security.
Common features include:
- double or triple glazing
- energy efficient glass coatings
- trickle ventilation
- secure locking systems
- tilt mechanisms for cleaning
These features allow sash windows to maintain their traditional appearance while meeting modern building standards.
Typical Cost of Different Sash Window Types (UK)
Prices vary depending on size, material and specification.
| Window Type | Typical Price Installed |
|---|---|
| uPVC sash window | £500 – £900 |
| Timber sash window | £1,000 – £2,000 |
| Aluminium sash window | £1,200 – £2,500 |
Supply-only prices are usually lower.
How to Choose the Right Type of Sash Window
Choosing the right sash window style depends on several factors.
These include:
- the age of the property
- planning restrictions
- conservation area requirements
- budget
- energy efficiency needs
For example:
Properties built during the Georgian period often suit 6 over 6 sash windows, while Victorian terraces typically use 2 over 2 sash windows.
Matching the window style to the architecture of the property usually produces the most attractive result.
Sash Windows and British Architectural Periods
Different sash window designs are strongly associated with particular architectural periods in Britain.
| Period | Typical Sash Window Style |
|---|---|
| Georgian | Six over six pane layout |
| Victorian | Two over two pane layout |
| Edwardian | Six over two pane layout |
Matching the sash window design to the architectural period of the property helps maintain the building’s original character. In conservation areas and listed buildings, local planning authorities may require replacement windows to follow the original style.
Sash Windows vs Casement Windows
Sash windows and casement windows are two of the most common window styles in the UK, but they operate in very different ways.
| Feature | Sash Windows | Casement Windows |
|---|---|---|
| Opening method | Sliding vertically | Hinged opening |
| Typical properties | Period homes | Modern houses |
| Ventilation | Top and bottom airflow | Full opening |
| Appearance | Traditional | Contemporary |
Sash windows are generally preferred for period properties and conservation areas, while casement windows are more common in modern homes.
For properties built in the Georgian, Victorian or Edwardian periods, replacing sash windows with new sash windows usually preserves the original architectural character.
Frequently Asked Questions
The most common types of sash windows include Georgian sash windows, Victorian sash windows, Edwardian sash windows and Yorkshire sliding sash windows. These styles differ mainly in their pane layout and opening method.
The Victorian two over two sash window is the most common style in the UK. It became popular during the nineteenth century when larger panes of glass became easier to manufacture.
A Yorkshire sash window is a type of sash window where the panels slide horizontally instead of vertically. They are typically found in cottages and rural properties in northern England.
A sash and case window is the Scottish term for a traditional sash window. The word sash refers to the movable panels, while case refers to the outer frame of the window.
Traditional sash windows were made from timber, but modern versions are also available in uPVC and aluminium.
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